倒 装
白昆
陕西省杨陵区杨陵中学英语教研组 712100
把谓语放在主语之前，就叫倒装结构。如果把全部谓语放在主语之前，就叫全部倒装；如果只把助动词、情态词放在主语之前，就叫部分倒装。
一、 完全倒装：
1、 there be 句型：
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
There are sixty students in our class. 我们班有60个学生。
2、 句首状语引起完全倒装：
用于“here(there, now, then) + 不及物动词＋主语”的句型中，或以out, in, up, down, away, off等副词开头的句子里，以表示强调。
Here comes the bus. 汽车来了。
There goes the bell. 铃响了。
Up went the crocket into the air. 嗖的一声火箭上了天。
Now comes your turn. 该你的了。
Out went the children. 孩子们出去了。
注意：当代词作主语时，不用倒装, 如：Here he comes. 他来了。
3、 当放在句首的状语为表示地点的介词词组时，也常常引起全部倒装：
From the valley came a frightening sound. 山谷里传来了一阵吓人的声响。
On the hillside lay a cowboy. 山坡上躺着一个牧童。
4、 表语放在句首时，倒装结构为“表语＋系动词＋主语”、表语可以是：介词短语、形容词、过去分词。
Beyond the river lives an old fisherman. 有个老渔夫住在河对岸。
On either side are rows of fruit trees. 两边是一排排果树。
Nearby are houses built by the peasants themselves. 附近是农民自己盖的房子。
Seated on the ground were a group of students playing guitars. 一群学生坐在地上弹吉他。
Gone are the days when we were poor. 我们贫穷的日子一去不返了。
5、 表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一人或东西，在肯定句中用so开头，在否定句中用neither或nor开头：
He has been to Beijing. So have I. 他去过北京，我也去过。
If John can do it, so can I. 如果约翰能干得了，我也能干得了。
He can’t answer the question. Neither / Nor can I. 他回答不了这个问题，我也不能。
If you won’t go, neither / nor shall I. 如果你不愿意去，我也不去。
Note: 如果一个句子只是重复前面一句话的意思，尽管用so开头，也不用倒装。
“ It was cold yesterday, ” “ so it was.” “昨天天气很冷，” “是很冷。”
6、 为了保持句子平衡或为了强调表语或状语，或使上下为文紧密衔接时：
They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy. 他们来到了一个农舍，农舍前坐着一个小男孩。
Inside the classroom are the students and the teacher. 教室里坐着老师和学生。
Folded in the card was a piece of paper, written on the card was a message under the printed Happy Birthday… 只见生日贺卡里夹着一张折起来的纸页。贺卡上印有“生日快乐”的字样，下面写着一句附言……
二、 部分倒装：
1、 用于疑问句：
Who was printing invented by? 印刷术是谁发明的？
2、 如果虚拟条件句中的谓语部分含有were, had或should, 可以把它们放在句首，省去连词if,变成倒装句。例如：
Had I been informed earlier, I could have done something. 要是早点告诉我，我也许能想点的办法。
Had they not been working so hard, they wouldn’t have achieved so much. 如果他们不那样努力，他们就不会有这样的成就。
Were it not for their assistance, we would be in serious difficulty. 要不是他们的协助，我们会陷入困境。
Should there be a fire, what should we do? 万一发生火灾，我们该怎么办？
3、 用于“形容词（或名词、动词）＋as (though)引导的让步状语从句” 中:
Cold as(though) it was, we went out. 尽管天气很冷，我们还是出去了。(＝Although it was cold，we went out.)
Child as he was, he had to make a living. 尽管他还是个孩子，他不得不去谋生。
Try as he cold, he might fail again. 尽管他可以试一试，但他可能还会失败的。
4、 用于以never, hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, little, not often, at no time, not only, not until，rarely等开头的句子中以及no sooner … than … , hardly … when …句型中：
Rarely does he go to the movie. 他很少看电影。
Little did I know that she had already left. 我一点也不知道他已经离开了。（＝I didn’t know at all that she had already left.）
Not only does he speak English correctly, but also he speaks fluently. 他讲英语不但准确，而且讲得流利。
Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework. 直到老师来了，他才做完作业。
No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill. 他一到达那里就病了。
Hardly had we come to the playground when it began to rain. 我们刚到操场天就开始下雨了。
5、 only 放在句首，修饰状语或状语从句时要倒装：
Only then did I understand what she meant. 只是到了那时，我才明白她的意思。
Only in this way can you learn English well. 只有用这种方法你才你学好英语。
Only when you have obtained sufficient data can you come to a sound conclusion. 只有当你获得足够的数据时，你才能得出正确的结论。
6、 感叹句的倒装：
How happy the children are! 孩子们多么幸福啊！
What a lovely birthday present the old lady has received! 这位老太太收到了一份多么好的生日礼物啊！
7、 The more …, the more …结构的倒装:
The harder you work, the happier you feel. 你工作越努力，你就越觉得快乐。
The more you study, the more you know. 你学的越多，你就知道的越多。
The higher it flies, the smaller it appears. 它飞得越高，就显得越小。
8、 用于某些表示祝愿的句子：
Long live Chairman Mao! 毛主席万岁！
May you succeed！ 祝你成功！
9、 直接引语中间或后面表示“某人想（或说、喊）”这类意思的插入语时，主语若是名词时，用倒装语序，主语若是代词时，不倒装：
“They must be in the fields now,” thought Xiao Li. “他们准是下地了。”小李想到。
作者：白昆
地址：陕西省杨陵区杨陵中学英语教研组(
手机：13572599356
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XA11408S